BLADDER CANCER

Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. It is more common in men and the incidence is about 4 times that of women. The average age of onset is 65 years. Seventy-five percent of the new cases are superficial tumors, of which 50-80% will have recurrences one to many times after treatment; 15-25% will progress to invasive cancer. Therefore, patients with superficial bladder cancer need to pay close attention to the recurrence and deterioration of the tumor. Cystoscopy or urine exfoliative cytology is recommended for patients with hematuria over 40 years of age. However, cystoscopy can cause unnecessary pain to the patient, and because of the stimulation of the bladder wall tumor, it will cause the malignant expansion and metastasis of the tumor, which is not suitable for large-scale screening, and the cytological examination is insufficiently sensitive. Fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of urine sediment cells showed strong advantages in early diagnosis and postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer.